Ritchie, H. & Rosado, P. Energy Mix. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix?country=#energy-mix-what-sources-do-we-get-our-energy-from (2024).
British Petroleum. BP Energy Outlook. (2019). Edition https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2019.pdf (2019).
Shafiee, S. & Topal, E. When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? Energy Policy. 37, 181–189 (2009).
Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D. & Alola, A. A. The imperativeness of environmental quality in the united States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. J. Clean. Prod. 285, 124863 (2021).
Guo, X., Liang, C., Umar, M. & Mirza, N. The impact of fossil fuel divestments and energy transitions on mutual funds performance. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 176, 121429 (2022).
Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M. & Sawalhah, M. N. Valdez R. A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050? Sustainability 14, 4792 (2022).
Ghadikolaei, M. A. et al. Why is the world not yet ready to use alternative fuel vehicles? Heliyon 7, e07527 (2021).
Sandaka, B. P. & Kumar, J. Alternative vehicular fuels for environmental decarbonization: A critical review of challenges in using electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels as a sustainable vehicular fuel. Chem. Eng. J. Adv. 14, 100442 (2023).
Energy Information Administration (EIA). International Energy Outlook 2019 with Projections to 2050. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/ieo2019.pdf (2019).
International Energy Agency (IEA). Energy Technology Perspectives (2020). https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020 (2020).
International Energy Agency (IEA). Global biofuel demand, historical, main and accelerated case, 2016–2028. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-biofuel-demand-historical-main-and-accelerated-case-2016-2028 (2023).
OECD-FAO. Agricultural Outlook (OECD Publishing, Paris/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018–2027). https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=84952#(2024).
Heimann, T. et al. Phasing out palm and soy oil biodiesel in the EU: what is the benefit? GCB Bioenergy. 16, e13115 (2023).
Zhang, Q. et al. EU-Russia energy decoupling in combination with the updated NDCs impacts on global fossil energy trade and carbon emissions. Appl. Energy. 356, 122415 (2024).
Directive 2009/28/EC & Directive /28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Off. J. Europ. Union (2009).
Directive 2018/2001. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast). Off. J. Europ. Union. (2018).
Regulation 2023/1115. Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on the making available on the union market and the export from the union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing regulation (EU) 995/2010. Official J. Europ Union (2023).
United States Department of Agriculture. Biofuels Annual. (2023). https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels%20Annual_The%20Hague_European%20Union_E42023-0033
Faostat. Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. (2024). http://www.apps.fao.org
Braun, H. J., Atlin, G., Payne, T. & Reynolds, M. P. Multi-location testing as a tool to identify plant response to global climate change. In Climate Change and Crop Production (ed Reynolds, M. P.) 115–138 (CABI, 2010).
Alexandratos, N. & Bruinsma, J. World Agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision. (FAO, 2012).
Riaz, M. W. et al. Effects of heat stress on growth, physiology of plants, yield and grain quality of different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Sustainability 13, 2972 (2021).
Khalid, A., Hameed, A. & Tahir, M. F. Wheat quality: A review on chemical composition, nutritional attributes, grain anatomy, types, classification, and function of seed storage proteins in bread making quality. Front. Nutr. 10, 1053196 (2023).
McIntosh, C., Smith, S. & Withers, R. Energy balance of -on-farm production and extraction of plant oil for fuel in the united States’ inland Northwest. Energy Agric. 3, 155–166 (1984).
Mizik, T. & Gyarmati, G. Economic and sustainability of biodiesel production—a systematic literature review. Clean. Technol. 3, 19–36 (2021).
Schillaci, C. et al. Assessing marginality of camelina (C. sativa L. Crantz) in rotation with barley production in Southern Europe: A modelling approach. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 357, 108677 (2023).
Zanetti, F. et al. The opportunities and potential of camelina in marginal land in Europe. Ind. Crops Prod. 211, 118224 (2024).
Von Cossel, M. et al. Marginal agricultural land low-input systems for biomass production. Energies 12, 3123 (2019).
Tsytsiura, Y. The influence of agroecological and Agrotechnological factors on the generative development of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus Var. Oleifera Metzg). Agron. Res. 4, 842–880 (2022).
Szatkowski, A., Antoszkiewicz, Z., Purwin, C. & Jankowski, K. J. Oilseed radish: nitrogen and sulfur management strategies for seeds yield and quality. A case study in Poland. Agriculture 14, 755 (2024).
Prakhova, T. Y., Prakhov, V. A., Brazhnikov, V. N. & Brazhnikova, O. F. Oil seed crops-biodiversity, value and productivity. Vol Reg. Farm. 3, 18–23 (2019).
Toboła, P. & Muśnicki, C. Yielding variability of spring sown oilseed crops of cruciferous family. Rośliny Oleiste-Oilseed Crops. 20, 93–100 (1999). [in Polish].
Ražukas, A. & Nedzinskienė, T. L. Pašarinių Ridikų (Raphanus sativus L. Var. Oleiformis Pers) ‛VB Gausiai’ auginimas Sėklai Ir Žaliai Masei. Žemdirbzstė – Agric. 95, 86–92 (2008). [in Lithuanian].
Faria, D. et al. Extraction of radish seed oil (Raphanus sativus L.) and evaluation of its potential in biodiesel production. AIMS Energy. 6, 551–565 (2018).
Stevanato, N. & Silva, C. Radish seed oil: Ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethanol as solvent and assessment of its potential for ester production. Ind. Crops Prod. 132, 283–291 (2019).
Valle, P. W. P. A., Rezende, T. F., Souza, R. A., Fortes, I. C. P. & Pasa, V. M. D. Combination of fractional factorial and Doehlert experimental designs in biodiesel production: Ethanolysis of Raphanus sativus L. Var. Oleiferus Stokes oil catalyzed by sodium ethoxide. Energ. Fuel. 23, 5219–5227 (2009).
Valle, P., Velez, A., Hegel, P., Mabe, G. & Brignole, E. A. Biodiesel production using supercritical alcohols with a non-edible vegetable oil in a batch reactor. J. Supercrit Fluids. 54, 61–70 (2010).
Chammoun, N., Geller, D. P. & Das, K. C. Fuel properties, performance testing and economic feasibility of Raphanus sativus (oilseed radish) biodiesel. Ind. Crop Prod. 45, 155–159 (2013).
Silva, S. B., Garcia, V. A. S., Arroyo, P. A. & Silva, C. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of radish seed oil with Methyl acetate for biodiesel production. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 95, 2142–2147 (2017).
Polaczek, K. & Kurańska, M. Hemp seed oil and oilseed radish oil as new sources of Raw materials for the synthesis of bio-polyols for open-cell polyurethane foams. Materials 24, 8891 (2022).
Knutsen, H. K. et al. Erucic acid in feed and food. EFSA J. 14, 173 (2016).
Silveira Junior, E. G. et al. Biodiesel production from non-edible forage turnip oil by extruded catalyst. Ind. Crops Prod. 139, 111503 (2019).
Ramos, M., Dias, A. P., Puna, J. F., Gomes, J. & Bordado, J. C. Biodiesel production processes and sustainable Raw materials. Energies 12, 4408 (2019).
Ravikumar, V. et al. Production of Raphanus sativus biodiesel and its performance assessment in a thermal barrier-coated agriculture sector diesel engine. Energy Technol. 11, 2300235 (2023).
Stevanato, N., de Mello, B. T. F., Saldaña, M. D. A., Cardozo-Filho, L. & Silva, C. Production of Ethyl esters from forage radish seed: an integrated sequential route using pressurized ethanol and Ethyl acetate. Fuel 332, 126075 (2023).
Jankowski, K., Bielski, S. & Szempliński, W. Industrial crops. In Agricultural Crops (ed Szempliński, W.) 306–446 (Publishing House of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2012).
Kołodziejczyk, M. & Kulig, B. Oilseed radish. In Plant Cultivation–III (ed Kotecki, A.) 393–399 (Publishing House of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2020).
Panwar, A. S., Verma, V. S. & Bawa, R. Growth and seed yield of radish (Raphanus sativus) as influenced by nitrogen and biofertilizer application. Indian J. Agron. 45, 411–415 (2000).
Seepaul, R., Small, I. M., Marois, J., George, S. & Wright, D. L. Brassica carinata and Brassica Napus growth, nitrogen use, seed, and oil productivity constrained by post-bolting nitrogen deficiency. Crop Sci. 59, 2720–2732 (2019).
Wen, G. et al. Optimizing nitrogen fertilization for hybrid Canola (Brassica Napus L.) production across Canada. Field Crops Res. 302, 109048 (2023).
Poisson, E. et al. Seed yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape are impacted by sulfur fertilization and its interactions with nitrogen fertilization. Front. Plant. Sci. 10, 458 (2019).
Lykhochvor, A. Yield and seed quality of spring oilseed crops. FPUTS Agric. Aliment. Piscaria Et Zootech. 43, 336 (2017).
Gan, Y., Malhi, S. S., Brandt, S., Katepa-Mupondwa, F. & Stevenson, C. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of juncea Canola under diverse environments. Agron. J. 100, 285–295 (2008).
Kumar, M., Singh, P. K., Yadav, K. G., Chaurasiya, A. & Yadav, A. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Western UP. J. Pharma Phytochem. 6, 445–448 (2017).
Jankowski, K. J., Sokólski, M., Kordan, B. & Camelina Yield and quality response to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in Poland. Ind. Crops Prod. 141, 111776 (2019).
Sokólski, M. M., Załuski, D. & Jankowski, K. Crambe: seed yield and quality in response to nitrogen and sulfur—A case study in Northeastern Poland. Agronomy 10, 1436 (2020).
Szempliński, W., Dubis, D., Lachutta, K. & Jankowski, K. J. Energy optimization in different production technologies of winter triticale grain. Energies 14, 1003 (2021).
Bielski, S., Marks-Bielska, R. & Wiśniewski, P. Investigation of energy and economic balance and GHG emissions in the production of different cultivars of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench): A case study in northeastern Poland. Energies 16, 17 (2023).
Budzyński, W. S., Jankowski, K. J. & Jarocki, M. An analysis of the energy efficiency of winter rapeseed biomass under different farming technologies. A case study of a large-scale farm in Poland. Energy 90, 1272–1279 (2015).
Keshavarz-Afshar, R., Mohammed, Y. A. & Chen, C. Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of dryland camelina as influenced by tillage and nitrogen. Energy 91, 1057–1063 (2015).
Greer, K., Martins, C., White, M. & Pittelkow, C. M. Assessment of high-input soybean management in the US Midwest: balancing crop production with environmental performance. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 292, 106811 (2020).
Jankowski, K. J. & Sokólski, M. Spring Camelina: effect of mineral fertilization on the energy efficiency of biomass production. Energy 220, 119731 (2021).
Jankowski, K. J., Sokólski, M., Szatkowski, A. & Kozak, M. Crambe – Energy efficiency of biomass production and mineral fertilization. A case study in Poland. Ind. Crops Prod. 182, 114918 (2022).
Dubis, B. et al. Biomass yield and energy balance of fodder Galega in different production technologies: an 11-year field experiment in a large-area farm in Poland. Renew. Energy. 154, 813–825 (2020).
Dubis, B., Jankowski, K. J., Załuski, D. & Sokólski, M. M. The effect of sewage sludge fertilization on the biomass yield of giant miscanthus and the energy balance of the production process. Energy 206, 11818910 (2020).
Bogucka, B. & Jankowski, K. J. The effect of harvest strategy on the energy potential of Jerusalem artichoke. Ind. Crops Prod. 177, 114473 (2022).
Jankowski, K. J. et al. The effect of sewage sludge on the energy balance of cup plant biomass production. A six-year field experiment in Poland. Energy 276, 127478 (2023).
Barłóg, P. Improving fertilizer use efficiency-Methods and strategies for the future. Plants 12, 3658 (2023).
Salvagiotti, F., Castellarín, J. M., Miralles, D. J. & Pedrol, H. M. Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Res. 113, 170–177 (2009).
Galić, M., Mesić, M., Perčin, A., Šestak, I. & Zgorelec, Ž. Sulphur balance in agroecosystem. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 3, 104–118 (2018).
Barczak, B., Barczak, T., Skinder, Z. & Piotrowski, R. Proportions of nitrogen and sulphur in spring rapeseeds depending on fertilization with these elements. J. Elem. 25, 1385–1398 (2020).
Jamal, A., Moon, Y. & Abdin, M. Sulphur – a general overview and interaction with nitrogen. Aust J. Crop Sci. 4, 523–529 (2010).
Perveen, S. et al. Assessing the potential of polymer coated Urea and sulphur fertilization on growth, physiology, yield, oil contents and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower crop under arid environment. Agronomy 11, 269 (2021).
Głowacka, A., Jariene, E., Flis-Olszewska, E. & Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A. The effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on soybean productivity traits in temperate climates conditions. Agronomy 13, 80 (2023).
Jankowski, K. J., Budzyński, W. S., Kijewski, Ł. & Zając, T. Biomass quality of Brassica oilseed crops in response to sulfur fertilization. Agron. J. 107, 1377–1391 (2015).
Zhao, F., Evans, E. J., Bilsborrow, P. E. & Syers, J. K. Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape (Brassica Napus L). J. Sci. Food Agric. 63, 29–37 (1993).
Ahmad, A., Abraham, G., Gandotra, N., Abrol, Y. P. & Abdin, M. Z. Interactive effect of nitrogen And sulphur on growth And yield of rape-seed‐mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. And Coss. And Brassica Campestris L.) genotypes. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 181, 193–199 (1998).
Kovács, A. B., Kincses, I., Vágó, I., Loch, J. & Filep, T. Effect of application of nitrogen and different nitrogen-sulfur ratios on the quality and quantity of mustard seed. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. 40, 453–561 (2009).
Lošák, T. et al. Effect of combined nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on yield and qualitative parameters of Camelina sativa [L.] Crtz. (false flax). Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B – Soil. Plant. Sci. 4, 313–321 (2011).
Jiang, Y., Caldwell, C. D., Falk, K. C., Lada, R. R. & MacDonald, D. Camelina yield and quality response to combined nitrogen and sulfur. Agron. J. 105, 1847–1852 (2013).
Wysocki, D. J., Chastain, T. G., Schillinger, W. F., Guy, S. O. & Karow, R. S. Camelina: seed yield response to applied nitrogen and sulfur. Field Crops Res. 145, 60–66 (2013).
Meier, U. Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants: BBCH Monograph. (2018). https://www.julius-kuehn.de/media/Veroeffentlichungen/bbch%20epaper%20en/page.pdf
IUSS Working Group WRB.World reference base for soil resources. (2022). https://eurasian-soil-portal.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wrb_fourth_edition_2022-3.pdf (2022).
Wójcicki, Z. Equipment, materials and energy inputs in growth-oriented farmsIBMER, [in Polish]. (2000).
Fore, S. R., Porter, P. & Lazarus, W. Net energy balance of small-scale on-farm biodiesel production from Canola and soybean. Biomass Bioenerg. 35, 2234–2244 (2021).
Kopetz, H., Jossart, J., Ragossnig, H. & Metschina, C. European biomass statistics. Eur. Biomass Assoc. (AEBIOM), 1–73 (2007).
TIBCO Software Inc. Statistica (data analysis software System). Version 13 (2017).
Siqueira, R., Gamero, C. A. & Boller, W. Energetic balance from biodiesel production of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In Proceedings of the International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (Foz do Iguaçu, 2008). https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/21514432
Lima et al. D. C. Energetic balance of biodiesel production based on oilseed rape crop. Magistra 29, 208–214 (2017).
Jankowski, K. J., Budzyński, W. S. & Kijewski, Ł. An analysis of energy efficiency in the production of oilseed crops of the family Brassicaceae in Poland. Energy 81, 674–681 (2015).
Jankowski, K. & Budzyński, W. Energy potential oilseed crops. Elect. J. Pol. Agric. Univ. 6, 2 (2003).
Bielski, S., Jankowski, K. & Budzyński, W. The energy efficiency of oil seed crops production and their biomass conversion into liquid fuels. Przem Chem. 93, 2270–2273 (2014).
Nedzinskas, A. & Nedzinskienė, T. Effect of seed rate, interrow width and nitrogen fertilisation on oil radish grown for seed. Žemdirbystė Mokslo Darbai. 69, 85–95 (2000).
Ukhanova, Y. V., Voskresensky, A. A. & Ukhanov, A. P. Comparative evaluation of the properties of vegetable oils used as bioadditives to petroleum diesel fuel. Niva Povolzhia. 43, 98–105 (2017). [in Russian].
Pegoraro, T. et al. Use of swine wastewater in oilseed radish crop: agronomic and environmental aspects. Semina: Ciênci Agrár. 35, 2931–2943 (2014).
Harasimowicz-Hermann, G., Wilczewski, E. & Kisielewska, W. Modelling biometric traits and straw yield of white mustard (Sinapis Alba L.) grown for seeds by the sowing date and meteorological factors. Acta Sci. Pol. Agric. 16, 207–215 (2017).
Stolarski, M. J., Krzyżaniak, M., Kwiatkowski, J., Tworkowski, J. & Szczukowski, S. Energy and economic efficiency of camelina and crambe biomass production on a large-scale farm in north-eastern Poland. Energy 150, 770–780 (2018).
Krzyżaniak, M. et al. Yield and seed composition of 10 spring camelina genotypes cultivated in the temperate climate of central Europe. Ind. Crops Prod. 138, 111443 (2019).
Groth, D. A., Sokólski, M. M. & Jankowski, K. J. A multi-criteria evaluation of the effectiveness of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in different cultivars of winter rapeseed—Productivity, economic and energy balance. Energies 13, 4654 (2020).
Sokólski, M., Jankowski, K. J., Załuski, D. & Szatkowski, A. Productivity, energy and economic balance in the production of different cultivars of winter oilseed rape. A case study in north-eastern Poland. Agronomy 10, 508 (2020).
Stolarski, M. et al. Camelina and crambe production–Energy efficiency indices depending on nitrogen fertilizer application. Ind. Crops Prod. 137, 386–395 (2019).
Rabiee, M., Majidian, M., Alizadeh, M. R. & Kavoosi, M. Evaluation of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emission in rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) production in paddy fields of Guilan Province of Iran. Energy 217, 119411 (2021).
Keshavarz-Afshar, R. & Chen, C. Intensification of dryland cropping systems for bio-feedstock production: energy analysis of camelina. Bioenerg Res. 8, 1877–1884 (2015).
Akdemir, S., Ismailla, J. S. & Mavruk, A. An analysis of energy use and input costs for radish production in Turkey. Sci. Papers Ser. Manag Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural Develop. 23, 13–20 (2023).
Jankowski, K. J., Sokólski, M. & Załuski, D. Winter oilseed rape: agronomic management in different tillage systems and energy balance. Energy 277, 127590 (2023).
Gan, Y., Malhi, S. S., Kutcher, H. R., Brandt, S. & Katepa-Mupondwa, F. Optimizing the production of Brassica juncea Canola in comparison with other Brassica species, in different soil-climatic zones. Project Code: CARP, 11 (2008).
Lu, K. et al. A combination of genome-wide association and transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes controlling harvest index-related traits in Brassica Napus. Sci. Rep. 6, 36452 (2016).
Li, J. et al. Research advances on harvest index of Brassica Napus L. Chin. J. Oil Crop Sci. 40, 640 (2018).
Paris, B. et al. Energy use in open-field agriculture in the EU: A critical review recommending energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources adoption. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 158, 112098 (2022).
